Perceived Social Support and Well-Being: Mediation and Buffering of the Stress–Depression Link in Rural Older Adults

<b>Background/Objectives:</b> Rural older adults are exposed to multiple chronic stressors that may heighten depressive symptoms, and these effects can be intensified by social disconnection, particularly in resource-constrained settings. This study examined whether global and dimension-specific perceived social support-an indicator of perceived social connection-mediates and/or buffers the association between perceived stress and depressive symptoms in rural older adults from northern Peru. <b>Methods:</b> A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 166 community-dwelling adults aged ≥60 years in a rural coastal district. Perceived stress (PSS-4), depressive symptoms (GDS-15), and perceived social support (MOS-SSS) were assessed. Regression-based mediation and moderation models with bootstrapped confidence intervals were estimated, adjusting for age, sex, marital status, education, income category, and chronic medical conditions. <b>Results:</b> Higher perceived stress was associated with greater depressive symptoms. Greater overall social support was associated with lower perceived stress and fewer depressive symptoms. Indirect effects supported a stress-process pathway for overall support, particularly socioemotional dimensions (positive social interaction and affectionate support). No buffering effect was observed for overall support; however, tangible (instrumental) support attenuated the association between stress and depressive symptoms. <b>Conclusions:</b> Mediation analyses supported an indirect pathway linking perceived stress to depressive symptoms via socioemotional support, whereas tangible (instrumental) support moderated the stress-depression association. Interventions that strengthen social connectedness and practical assistance may help protect mental health in rural older adults.