Review of High-Misalignment Tolerance Techniques in Wireless Power Transfer Systems

Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology, leveraging the unique advantage of contactless power supply, has been recognized as a core power supply solution for mobile devices such as automated guided vehicles (AGVs) and electric vehicles (EVs). However, its transmission performance is highly susceptible to lateral offset, longitudinal misalignment, and angular deflection of the coils, resulting in a sharp decline in efficiency and unstable output. This has become a key bottleneck restricting the engineering application of the technology. This paper presents a comprehensive review focusing on the misalignment tolerance technologies for WPT systems. First, taking the LCC-S/LCC topology as an example, the influence of coil misalignment on the system output performance is analyzed, and various misalignment tolerance methods are enumerated. Subsequently, the basic principles and main research achievements of four categories of misalignment tolerance technologies, namely coupling structure optimization, compensation topology optimization, control strategies, and alignment guidance technology, are systematically summarized, with their limitations identified. Finally, the future research directions of misalignment tolerance technologies are discussed.