Artemisinin exerts anti-inflammatory effects in osteoarthritis through the inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling

This study demonstrates that TGF-β1 plays an important pathogenic role in OA, as supported by MR and <i>in vitro</i> evidence, while ART exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-catabolic effects by counteracting TGF-β1-driven inflammatory responses. Network pharmacology and docking analyses further suggest multi-target pathway regulation and a potential interaction with MMP-13. ART may represent a viable therapeutic candidate for OA; however, further studies are required to validate direct targets and elucidate tissue-specific mechanisms.