Exploring the oncogenic mechanism of plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) gene in solid cancers; emphasis on microRNA regulation pathways

PVT1 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) playing an important role in various biological processes, including cell survival, differentiation, proliferation, and chromatin regulation. Overexpression of PVT1 improve a proliferation rate even for 30% and reduces the level of apoptosis. It can act as a scaffold, decoy, guide, enhancer RNA, and it affects the entire gene life cycle through chromatin remodeling, epigenetic regulation, transcription, post-transcriptional control, and protein metabolism. PVT1 is a highly complex and multifunctional factor that plays a critical role in cancer development and progression through various mechanisms. Different PVT1 fusion transcripts have been identified in solid tumors and hematological malignancies. High expression of PVT1 is linked to advanced clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, and unfavorable overall survival in various types of human cancers. The manuscript represents extensive analysis and summary of the functions and mechanisms of PVT1 in the context of miRNAs and highlights possible ways to target PVT1 and the it signaling pathways. It is important to understand the intricate relationships between PVT1 and different types of human cancers to achieve a better understanding of the disease and treatment options. The current findings identify an upregulated PVT1 as a crucial promoter of the risk of carcinogenesis and tumor metastasis, also dramatically reducing patient survival, underscoring the potential of PVT1 expression as a prognostic marker in cancer.