A Meta-Analysis of the Association Between Live Yeast Supplementation and Lactation Performance in Dairy Cows Under Heat Stress

Heat stress is a major management challenge in dairy cows, leading to lower dry matter intake (DMI), reduced milk yield (MY), and changes in milk composition. A practical nutritional strategy is supplementing diets with live yeast (<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>) during hot periods. This meta-analysis evaluated the effects of live-yeast supplementation on DMI, MY, and milk components in heat-stressed dairy cows. Bibliographic searches for the period 2000 to 2025 were conducted. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 14 studies were selected. For each outcome, effect sizes were reported as the standardized mean difference (SMD) and the raw mean difference. Analyses were conducted using a random-effects model, and heterogeneity was assessed using the <i>Q</i> test and the <i>I</i>² statistic. Based on the SMD, live-yeast supplementation of the diets of heat-stressed dairy cows increased both DMI (<i>p</i> = 0.003) and MY (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Milk fat percentage (MFP; <i>p</i> = 0.104) and milk lactose percentage (MLP; <i>p</i> = 0.530) were not significantly affected, whereas milk protein percentage (MPP) tended to increase (<i>p</i> = 0.078). In contrast, milk fat yield, milk protein yield (MPY), and milk lactose yield (MLY) all increased significantly (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.001). Heterogeneity was significant only for DMI, MPY, and MLY. Overall, based on the available evidence, supplementing heat-stressed dairy cows with live yeast can improve DMI and MY, and increase milk component yields, without materially altering component percentages.