Domain-specific schema reuse supports flexible learning to learn in the primate brain

Prior knowledge accelerates subsequent learning of similarly structured problems - a phenomenon termed learning to learn - by forming generalizable neural representations called neural correlates of schema (NCS). However, how the brain exploits stable NCS while remaining flexible towards changes (the stability-plasticity dilemma) remains unclear. Here, we show that the primate brain addresses this dilemma by representing the stable NCS and task-unique changes in a near-orthogonal manner. We analyzed neural activities in the dorsolateral premotor cortex of three male macaques trained to perform a series of visuomotor mapping tasks. By delineating decision and stimulus-related subspaces, we identified NCS within the decision subspace, whose reuse facilitated subsequent learning. In addition, the decision subspace exhibited a near-orthogonal relationship with the stimulus-related subspace, minimizing cross-domain interference. Our results reveal that restricting NCS to specific functional domains can preserve useful knowledge while maintaining near-orthogonality with other subspaces, enabling flexible adaptation to new environments, thereby resolving the stability-plasticity dilemma.