Medication Disposal Awareness and Practices in Libya: A Study of an Online Population

Improper disposal of unused or expired medications presents a serious threat to both environmental and public health. This study aimed to conduct an initial assessment of the knowledge, attitudes, and disposal practices related to medications among an online, convenience sample of the Libyan population. A descriptive cross-sectional online survey was conducted from December 13–22, 2024, using a structured, 20-item questionnaire. The tool, adapted from a validated bilingual questionnaire, comprised four sections: demographics, knowledge, attitudes, and disposal practices. Knowledge was assessed via three items scored as correct (2 points), uncertain (1 point), or incorrect (0 points), with total scores (0–6) categorized as poor (0–2), moderate (3–4), or high (5–6) knowledge. Disposal practices were evaluated through two items, where a correct response scored 2 points and an incorrect response 0 points, categorizing a total score of 4 as positive practice and a score of 0 to 2 as negative practice. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23, employing descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to examine associations. The sample of 478 respondents was predominantly female (66.7%), young (56.9% aged 18–25 years), and highly educated (79.7% holding a university degree). Among 478 participants, 81% demonstrated a high level of knowledge about medication safety and expiration. Positive attitudes toward proper disposal were expressed by 55.6%, and were significantly associated with being female and employed. However, only 5.0% of respondents followed the recommended practice of returning expired medications to a pharmacy. No significant associations were found between disposal practices and demographic variables. This study highlights widespread unsafe disposal practices despite relatively high levels of knowledge. These findings highlight the urgent need for national policies that establish clear guidelines, promote public education, and provide accessible systems for safe medication disposal in Libya.