A Systematic Review of Bacterial Sampling Collection for Veterinary Microbiology in Companion Animals

Accurate microbiological diagnosis in companion animals relies heavily on appropriate sample collection, handling, storage, and transport. This systematic review, conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, aimed to assess current microbiological sampling procedures used in dogs and cats, from specimen collection to laboratory submission. Seventeen studies published in English over the past decade met the inclusion criteria. Considerable variability in sampling practices was observed across different anatomical systems. Although swabs were the most frequently employed sampling method, their use is limited by reduced representativeness and an increased risk of contamination, whereas tissue biopsies and aspirates provide more reliable diagnostic results. Sampling practices were generally more consistent for urine samples; however, pre-laboratory factors, such as prior antimicrobial exposure, as well as transport and storage conditions, were inconsistently reported, hindering reproducibility and standardisation. The anatomical site sampled and the suspected pathogen determined whether aerobic or combined aerobic-anaerobic cultures were recommended. Overall, the findings reveal considerable methodological gaps and underscore the need for harmonised, evidence-based guidelines to support accurate and clinically relevant bacterial culture in veterinary diagnostics. Standardised protocols, developed collaboratively by clinicians and diagnostic laboratories, have the potential to improve diagnostic consistency, strengthen antimicrobial stewardship, enhance surveillance, and ultimately benefit clinical outcomes within One Health initiatives.