Safety evaluation of drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: risk factors for liver abscess

Combined ICIs treatment and grade 1 arterial occlusion were independently associated with an increased risk of liver abscesses. Clinicians should closely monitor for liver abscess formation when administering DEB-TACE in combination with ICIs, particularly in patients with grade 1 arterial occlusions.