The effect of music therapy on pain management: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Pain management is a vital aspect of healthcare, but traditional methods, such as medication, often come with side effects, addiction risks, and limited efficacy. As a result, there is growing interest in complementary therapies like music therapy, which has shown potential in reducing pain, anxiety, and stress while promoting emotional, cognitive, and physical well-being. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to evaluate the effectiveness of music therapy as a non-pharmacological pain management strategy. This study conducted to assess the effectiveness of music therapy in pain management, using a comprehensive search strategy across multiple databases. Pain intensity was measured using validated scales, such as the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and the quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Data analysis was performed using a random-effects model, and heterogeneity, publication bias, and potential sources of variability were evaluated through sensitivity and subgroup analyses. This study found a significant reduction in pain severity among patients who received music therapy, with a Standard Mean Difference (SMD) of -2.18 (95% CI: -2.91, -1.44; p < 0.001), highlighting its effectiveness as an adjunctive treatment for pain management. Subgroup analysis revealed that studies conducted in Asia showed the largest benefit (SMD = -2.41; 95% CI: -3.66, -1.17; p < 0.001), while research on burn patients demonstrated an even greater reduction in pain (SMD = -3.66; 95% CI: -4.34, -2.99; p < 0.001). This study indicates that music therapy may be associated with reductions in pain levels, indicating potentially higher effects among Asian populations and burn patients. However, substantial variability across studies limits the certainty of these findings. Future research should prioritize methodological rigor, standardization of music therapy interventions, and careful consideration of cultural and demographic factors to better clarify its role and applicability in diverse healthcare settings and pain management contexts.