Sexual and gender diversity in schools: The impact of restrictive education policies on LGBTQ+ adolescent development

Abstract In this review, I examine the developmental challenges faced by LGBTQ+ adolescents around the world under recently enacted restrictive education policies, highlighting the impact of structural barriers and social stressors. I pay particular attention to how these policies (e.g., Florida's Don’t Say Gay law) may limit access to supportive environments, and disrupt identity, autonomy, and social development, contributing to mental health risks. I also consider how intersecting systems of oppression can compound these challenges, especially for LGBTQ+ youth of color. Additionally, I explore the growing role of digital spaces as alternative sources of support, recognizing both their potential to foster resilience and the risks they may introduce. I conclude with policy recommendations for creating more inclusive educational environments and identify areas for future research, including cross-national and longitudinal studies on the long-term effects of restrictive education policies.