M2 macrophage-based classification identifies DOK3 as a driver of pro-tumoral polarization and migration in glioblastoma
This integrative analysis identifies DOK3 as a pivotal regulator of M2 macrophage polarization and a driver of glioblastoma progression. Together, immune subtyping and the simplified macrophage-based risk model represent complementary strategies, with the latter providing a practical tool for prognostic stratification. Targeting DOK3 offers a promising therapeutic strategy to reprogram the TME and improve clinical outcomes in patients with GBM.
Authors
- Changyuan Ren
- Y. Alex Zhang
- Wei-Juan Tan
- Jin-Hao Zhang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5633-2643)
- Hanxiao Zhou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2052-0076)
- C Yang
- Josip Cvitković
- Wen-Hua Fan
- Ji Shi
- Pan-Yu Ren
- Zheng Zhao
Institutions
- Capital Medical University (CN)
- Aga Khan Development Network (PK)
- Chinese National Human Genome Center (CN)
- Beijing Tian Tan Hospital (CN)
- Beijing Institute of Neurosurgery (CN)
- Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute (CN)
- China Medical University (CN)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Published
- 2026-01-29
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1725581
- Primary Topic
- Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00