The Differences in Wetting Ability between Non-Crosslinked and Glutaraldehyde Crosslinked Chitosan-Gelatin-Hydroxiapatite Carbonate Composite Scaffolds

Wettability plays a key role in scaffold performance by supporting fluid interaction and nutrient diffusion. Chitosan-Gelatin-Carbonate Hydroxyapatite (C-G:CHA) scaffolds are highly biocompatible, yet glutaraldehyde crosslinking may alter pore structure and surface chemistry, thereby affecting the contact angle as an indicator of wetting ability. To analyze differences in surface wettability between non-crosslinked and 0.25% glutaraldehyde-crosslinked C-G:CHA scaffolds and to compare the 30:70 (w/w) and 40:60 (w/w) ratios. C-G:CHA scaffolds were synthesized using freeze-drying at ratios 30:70 and 40:60 and divided into non-crosslinked and crosslinked groups. Wettability was assessed using the sessile drop method with SBF and measured with a contact angle goniometer. Statistical analyses included Shapiro-Wilk, Levene’s test, One-Way ANOVA, and Tukey HSD. The mean contact angles for non-crosslinked scaffolds were 64.833° (30:70) and 76.333° (40:60), increasing to 106.16° and 118.167° after crosslinking. ANOVA showed significant group differences (p < 0.001). Tukey HSD indicated significant differences among groups except between the crosslinked 30:70 (w/w) and 40:60 (w/w). Glutaraldehyde 0.25% crosslinking increases contact angle and reduces wetting ability. Significant differences were found between treatments and ratios, except between crosslinked 30:70 (w/w) and 40:60 (w/w) scaffolds.