Industrial adsorption methods for reduction of sulphur content in hydrocarbon streams

Industrial adsorption methods for reducing sulphur content in hydrocarbon streams were investigated with an emphasis on their engineering efficiency and technological adaptability in oil refineries. A comparative analysis of the use of zeolites, activated carbons, metal-organic frameworks, carbon molecular sieves, metal oxides, polymeric materials, metal sulphides, modified clay and bentonite aimed at reducing the sulphur content in hydrocarbon streams was conducted. Adsorption using zeolites and metal-organic frameworks was noted to be highly effective in removing sulphur-containing compounds such as thiophenes and mercaptans, especially at high sulphur concentrations. However, these methods require significant capital expenditure and a complex infrastructure to scale. Activated carbons, despite their availability and cost-effectiveness, have demonstrated lower efficiency in removing sulphur from heavy hydrocarbons and limited regeneration capabilities. Hybrid methods that combine adsorption with catalytic desulphurisation have proven to be promising for deep sulphur removal and lower operating costs due to the ability to regenerate the adsorbent. For large plants, hybrid technologies and methods using zeolites and metal-organic frameworks are optimal, providing high efficiency while meeting environmental standards. For small and medium-sized refineries, activated carbon technologies are economically viable. Thus, the choice of adsorption method depends on the specifics of the enterprise, the type of hydrocarbon flow and the opportunities for introducing innovative technologies