Multifunctional Molybdenum Disulfide-Based Composites for Antibacterial Applications: Mechanisms, Biosafety, and Future Perspectives

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), a prototypical two-dimensional layered material, has recently attracted considerable attention in antibacterial research owing to its unique structure, exceptional photoelectrochemical properties, and abundant surface active sites. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the structural, physicochemical, and nanoscale characteristics of MoS2 and its composites, with an emphasis on their multifaceted antibacterial mechanisms, including direct contact-mediated membrane disruption, photocatalytic generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), photothermal effects, nanozyme-like catalysis, sonodynamic activity, and multimodal synergistic strategies. By systematically comparing these mechanisms, we highlight advances in applications ranging from infection control and wound dressings to antibacterial fibers, self-cleaning films, implantable medical devices, water purification, and environmental disinfection. The review also addresses biosafety considerations and explores strategies for the development of multifunctional composites, mechanistic studies, sustainable design, technological optimization, and clinical translation. Overall, MoS2-based materials exhibit broad-spectrum, efficient antibacterial activity, recyclability, and environmental compatibility, establishing a foundation for the rational design of next-generation antimicrobial materials.