The Influence of Training with an Evaluation Mask on Physiological Adaptations in a Recreational Athlete

<b>Background:</b> Innovative training strategies aimed at improving physiological efficiency are of growing interest in kinesiology and sports performance. Elevation training masks (ETMs) offer a practical means of inducing hypoxia-like stress. However, evidence of their effectiveness in recreationally active populations remains limited. This pilot study examined the efficiency of a five-week progressive ETM protocol combined with high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in eliciting physiological, hematological, and body-composition adaptations relevant to endurance performance. <b>Methods:</b> Nine recreationally active men completed a five-week intervention consisting of three treadmill-based sessions per week: one weekly incremental Conconi test and two structured aerobic-anaerobic HIIT sessions performed with an ETM. Mask resistance was progressively increased to simulate altitudes of approximately 900-3600 m. Hematological variables (erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, erythrocyte indices, leukocytes, and platelets), body composition, maximal heart rate (HRmax), and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂) were assessed pre- and post intervention. Data were analyzed using paired-sample <i>t</i>-tests and repeated-measures ANOVA, with effect sizes reported (Cohen's d, ω²). <b>Results:</b> A significant main effect of time on SpO₂ was observed (F(1, 8) = 130.61, <i>p</i> < 0.001, ω² = 0.69), along with a significant effect of training week (F(4, 32) = 17.41, <i>p</i> < 0.001, ω² = 0.43), and a significant Time × Week interaction (F(4, 32) = 15.20, <i>p</i> < 0.001, ω² = 0.42), indicating progressively greater post-exercise oxygen desaturation with increasing simulated altitude. Significant post-intervention increases were found in erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.009, d = 1.15-1.55), alongside increases in mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Platelet count increased significantly (<i>p</i> = 0.001, d = 1.68), while leukocyte values remained unchanged (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Body mass index (<i>p</i> = 0.049, d = 0.77) and body fat percentage (<i>p</i> = 0.012, d = 1.08) decreased following the intervention. HRmax tended to be lower at higher simulated altitudes. <b>Conclusions:</b> A five-week progressive ETM-HIIT protocol efficiently induced hematological and body-composition adaptations associated with improved oxygen transport and metabolic efficiency in recreationally active men. These findings support ETM-based training as an accessible strategy for enhancing physiological efficiency in endurance-oriented kinesiology practice, warranting confirmation in larger randomized controlled studies.