Urban evolution of insecticide resistance and susceptibility patterns of Anopheles coluzzii in Southeastern Nigeria: implications for malaria vector control

Urban An. coluzzii populations in southeastern Nigeria exhibit operationally significant resistance to pyrethroids and DDT, driven largely by high kdr allele frequencies, while remaining susceptible to carbamates and organophosphates. These patterns highlight the need for continued resistance surveillance and tailored insecticide-based interventions.