A Study of Cambodia Angkor Period Temple Ground Plan: Yasodarapura and Hariharalaya in the 9th–12th Century

This study aims to analyze the spatial layout and hydraulic structures of Cambodian temples from the Angkor period and propose a new classification system. The research focuses on 64 temples from the 9th to 12th centuries, based on the APSARA Authority's survey. Among them, the spatial layout of 26 temples was analyzed, and statistical analysis was conducted on 57 temples based on the quantity of structural components. Previous studies primarily focused on art-historical perspectives, insufficiently reflecting the spatial characteristics of the temples. To address this gap, this study examines the layout and structural elements of the temples, focusing on sanctuaries, gopuras, galleries, and ponds, and identifies patterns of change in these components. Sanctuaries are categorized into P-type(pyramidal platforms) and G-type(one- to two-tiered platforms), while gopuras and galleries were found to be closely interconnected. Ponds played a crucial role in temple layout and functionality, serving not only ritualistic purposes but also practical functions such as water management and the provision of domestic water supplies. Changes in sanctuary forms and pond layouts were closely linked to royal succession, geographical factors, and religious transformations. During the royal succession process, new rulers often established P-type sanctuaries to assert their political authority, introducing structural changes in temple components. The natural environment of Siem Reap significantly influenced the design and placement of hydraulic structures like ponds. For instance, WⅡ-type temples with internal ponds supplied water to local communities and were connected to broader urban hydraulic systems. These pond layouts reflected both environmental conditions and societal needs, enhancing the temples’ practical functionality and symbolic significance. Furthermore, they illustrate the coexistence and gradual evolution of new religious demands alongside existing traditions. This study systematically analyzes the spatial and structural elements of Angkor-period temples, contributing to a deeper understanding of their development and transformation. Future excavations and studies of individual temples may further refine the classification system proposed in this study, providing a solid foundation for more comprehensive research on Angkorian temples.