Antimicrobial Resistance at the Crossroads of Three Rivers: A One Health Assessment of Water Pollution in the Amazonian Pongo de Rentema

Antimicrobial resistance is a growing threat to public health and the environment, especially in vulnerable ecosystems such as the Amazon. The confluence of the Marañón, Utcubamba, and Chinchipe rivers, known as the Pongo de Rentema, is a strategic area where water pollution could facilitate the spread of antibiotic resistance genes. This study aims to assess water quality in this region under the “One Health” approach by analyzing physicochemical parameters, heavy metals, and the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes. Water samples were collected from five sampling points during September and October 2024. Physicochemical parameters were analyzed in situ, and heavy metal concentrations were determined using atomic emission spectrophotometry. The presence of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated through selective culture, and the detection of resistance genes (marA, ermC, amp, QEP, and qEmarA) was performed using conventional PCR. Physicochemical parameters were within the limits established by Peruvian regulations, except for total dissolved solids in the Utcubamba River. Elevated levels of lead and chromium were detected at some points. Additionally, resistance genes were identified in E. coli and P. aeruginosa, providing evidence of antimicrobial resistance dissemination in the water. Water pollution in the Pongo de Rentema poses an environmental and public health risk due to the presence of heavy metals and antimicrobial resistance genes. Continuous monitoring and environmental management strategies under the “One Health” approach are recommended to mitigate these risks.