The role of residential urban form and built environment in supporting social interaction, health, and well-being: a focus on forming and maintaining ties

The findings emphasize the importance of distinguishing between different types of social interaction and accounting for their unique spatial and functional drivers. Urban planning and public health efforts should consider how different aspects of the built environment foster both the formation and maintenance of social ties. Promoting environments that support diverse forms of social interaction is essential not only for enhancing health and well-being but also for reducing the risk of loneliness.