Immunotherapy: Revolutionizing the Therapy of Glioblastoma

Abstract: One of the most aggressive and therapy-resistant brain cancers is glioblastoma (GBM), posing significant challenges in neuro-oncology. The prognosis for individuals with GBM is poor, with median survival rates usually ranging between 12 and 15 months, even with advances in traditional therapies including radiation, chemotherapy, and surgical resection. This review focuses on the emerging role of immunotherapy as a potentially effective therapeutic approach for GBM and describes the immunological mechanism's capacity to identify and eradicate cancerous cells. Recent studies have shown that various immunotherapeutic strategies, including oncolytic viral therapies, dendritic cell vaccines, and immune checkpoint blockers, can elicit robust anti-tumor responses. Nevertheless, these methods' efficacy is frequently constrained by the unique immunosuppressive microenvironment of GBM, characterized by a low mutational burden**,** and a complex immunological response influenced by the presence of T-cell regulators. The review integrates current literature on the immunobiology of GBM and discusses ongoing clinical trials aimed at integrating immunotherapeutic approaches into standard treatment regimens. By providing a thorough analysis of immunotherapy's current status for GBM, this work aims to inform future research directions and clinical practices. The exploration of combination therapies and novel agents holds promise for enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapy in GBM, ultimately striving to improve patient outcomes and survival rates in this challenging malignancy.