Effects of different training characteristics in combined resistance and cognitive training on motor and cognitive performance in older adults: A systematic review

Resistance training as well as cognitive training have shown benefits in improving muscle strength, mobility, and cognitive performance in older adults. However, the optimal strategies for combining these interventions remain unclear. This systematic review evaluates whether combined resistance and cognitive training improve muscle strength, mobility, and cognitive performance in older adults (≥ 65 years) with a specific focus on the most effective training characteristics. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search of MEDLINE, Web of Science, and PsycINFO identified Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), Controlled Clinical Trials (CCTs), and parallel group trials. Inclusion criteria were: (1) community-dwelling adults aged ≥ 65 without medical conditions, (2) interventions including combined resistance and cognitive training, (3) group comparisons, and (4) reporting of at least one cognitive and one physical outcome. No meta-analysis was conducted; instead, findings were synthesized narratively based on the quality and outcomes of the included studies, using a modified version of the Cochrane tool. A total of 4682 studies were retrieved, of which nine studies could be included. The number of participants in each group ranged from 18 to 376, with participants distributed across at least two and a maximum of four groups (age range from 65.5 ± 6.3 to 83.9 ± 6.3 years). Three studies used a sequential intervention, while six trials conducted simultaneous Cognitive-Motor Exercise (CME). The studies spanned durations from four to 52 weeks, incorporating various intervention designs and training protocols. Results indicated that programs delivered 2–3 times per week at least 30 min, at moderate- high intensity, for ≥ 12 weeks, most consistently improved both motor and cognitive outcomes. Combined resistance and cognitive training improved cognitive and motor performance in older adults. Longer-term interventions (12 to 52 weeks) with training frequencies of two to three times per week, appear more likely to yield robust enhancements in cognitive functions and motor abilities. Future research should refine the optimal combination of resistance and cognitive training, considering individual differences and preferences. Also, training characteristics need to be reported in more detail to increase therapeutic validity. This Systematic Review is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022337354).