Quantum-driven frequency stability in Indian prospect smart grid with electric vehicle charging station integration and real-time hardware validation

In India, the growth of the Electric Vehicle(EV) is gradually increasing due to the high price of fossil fuel and global warming. But in India, the Electric Vehicle Charging Station(EVCS) infrastructure is inadequate due to the limited number of charging points, insufficient grid support for integration with RES. The integration of Electric Vehicle Charging Station(EVCS) along with RES in the Distributed Generation(DG) system confronts frequency fluctuations, variations in tie-line power, and instability. Thus, the employment of a Load Frequency Controller (LFC) with the DG diminishes the issues due to EVCS. In the proposed work,146 Indian Utility Bus(IUB) System is considered a future smart DG system with several EVCS, and the frequency stability of the system is achieved by Quantum-Inspired optimization methodology. This paper signifies the Quantum-Inspired Enhanced Gorilla Troop Optimization(QIEGTO), and is tested with other quantum-inspired optimization approaches by classical computers. The proposed smart DG system gives better stability enhancement with the QIEGTO method and provides superior performance in peak time, settling time(Ts), and Integral Time Absolute Error(ITAE) for load patterns and penetration level of EV and RES. For different percentages of load pattern variations and intermittent source variations, QIEGTO attains a faster settling time with reduced steady-state error against benchmark algorithms. The real-time validation of the proposed model is verified with Hardware-In-Loop using dSPACE.