Evolving Diaspora Strategies: A Comparative Study of Türkiye and Kazakhstan's Approaches

ABSTRACT This paper examines the changing dynamics of diaspora policies, with a specific focus on comparing the policies of Türkiye and Kazakhstan. With globalisation enhancing human mobility, migration has become a critical aspect of international discourse, influenced by various factors including political turmoil and armed conflicts. This has led to the emergence of diasporas as significant actors in global politics, with increasing academic interest in state–diaspora relations. The research begins by drawing on the concept of diaspora up to this day. Subsequently, it examines Türkiye's approach to managing its diaspora, analysing the historical, legal and institutional frameworks that shape its interactions with Turkish nationals and descendants abroad. It then delves into Kazakhstan's diaspora strategies, offering a parallel evaluation of the government's engagement with Kazakhs living overseas. The study further investigates collaborative efforts between Türkiye and Kazakhstan, particularly within the framework of the Organisation of Turkic States (OTS) and its Turkic diaspora programme. By focusing on joint meetings, educational initiatives and shared experiences, this research highlights the global dimensions of Kazakh–Turkish partnership. The findings aim to contribute to the academic literature on diaspora policy and provide a foundation for future research on the changing nature of state–diaspora relations in the context of international politics.