Differential impact of advanced glycation end-products on cardiovascular risk across patient populations measured by skin autofluorescence: a meta-analysis

Elevated SAF predicts increased cardiovascular risk, with notably stronger associations in chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. These findings support the biological relevance of systemic AGE accumulation. However, further prospective validation and decision-analytic studies are required to assess SAF's incremental predictive value beyond established scores and determine its clinical utility for risk stratification.