Assessing gender-specific training needs for climate-smart agriculture in the upland Shan region of Myanmar: a comparison between climate-smart and non-climate-smart villages

Introduction In 2024, a study was conducted in the Upland Shan Region of Myanmar to assess gender-specific training needs for Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA). The primary objective was to identify gaps in knowledge to enhance the inclusiveness and resilience of smallholder farmers facing climate-related challenges. Methods The study utilized a stratified random sampling method to select 200 farmers, ensuring equal representation of male and female respondents. Participants were drawn from both Climate-Smart Villages (CSVs) and Non-Climate-Smart Villages (Non-CSVs). A Training Need Index (TNI) was developed across five domains: climate-resilient crop cultivation, water management, pest and disease control, resilient livestock practices, and technology adoption. These domains were measured through 25 expert-validated indicators using a five-point Likert scale. Results Data analysis revealed that the majority of farmers possessed “medium” training needs, though needs were significantly higher in Non-CSV areas. Distinct gender-based predictors were identified: local ecological knowledge significantly influenced training needs for men, whereas educational level was a primary factor for women. Statistical testing confirmed significant differences in training requirements between CSV and Non-CSV farmers. Discussion The findings underscore the necessity of moving away from “one-size-fits-all” extension services. The study highlights that CSV initiatives effectively reduce training gaps but suggests that future capacity-building programs must be tailored to specific gender and local contexts. To foster equitable and resilient agricultural systems, CSA interventions should prioritize education for women and leverage the ecological knowledge of men.