Application of Sustainable Crab-Waste-Derived Nanochitosan as a Soil Amendment for Tomato Cultivation in Loam Soil

Converting marine biowaste into nano-bioproducts for their application as bio-sourced, circular biostimulants to enhance crop productivity is a promising approach. This study evaluated chitosan–TPP nanoparticles (nanochitosan, ~38 nm) derived from blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) shells as a soil-applied biostimulant and conditioner for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) grown in loam soil without mineral fertilizer. Our results showed that nanochitosan application as a soil supplement by drench improved the soil moisture content (39% vs. 22%), water-holding capacity (84% vs. 70%), total nitrogen (3.8 vs. 1.4 gm N kg−1), and organic carbon content (48.4 vs. 34.1 gm C kg−1) in nanochitosan-amended soil compared with the non-amended soil. This was accompanied by higher biomass, better root/shoot development and synthesis of phytohormones leading to increased shoot length, early flowering, and increased total soluble solids of fruits in nanochitosan-amended soil compared with control, suggesting that nanochitosan can act both as a beneficial soil conditioner and as a plant biostimulant. The results further show that nanochitosan-based formulations may be used not only as fertilizer-saving bio-inputs but also as bio-based nanochitosan plant biostimulants, which can partly substitute mineral fertilizer application for sustainable production of tomato. Moreover, generic fabrication of such nanochitosan from marine biowaste would support the circular-bioeconomy model to further improve sustainability of agroecosystems.