THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE RULING ON THE BAKASSI PENINSULA DISPUTE: IMPLICATIONS FOR NIGERIA’S SOVEREIGNTY AND TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY

Research Problem: This study interrogates the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruling on the Bakassi Peninsula dispute and its implications for Nigeria’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. It addresses the controversies surrounding the judgment, particularly the exclusion of the Bakassi peoplewho are directly affectedfrom the adjudicatory process, and Nigeria’s decision not to appeal the ruling despite its far-reaching consequences. Methods/Theory: The study adopted a historical research method. Data were sourced from both primary and secondary materials. Secondary sources included textbooks, scholarly journals, government publications, conference and seminar papers, and internet-based resources. Primary data were obtained through questionnaires, interviews, and official documents from government archives. Data were analyzed using content analysis. Results: Findings reveal that the ICJ ruling failed to adequately consider the principle of effective occupation and the socio-political realities of the Bakassi people. The study also found that Nigeria’s weak articulation and pursuit of a clearly defined national interest significantly undermined its bargaining position, leading to the cession of the territory to Cameroon with minimal resistance. Conclusion: The judgment has had profound humanitarian and socio-economic consequences, notably the displacement of the Bakassi people into both Cameroon and Nigeria. This displacement has worsened their economic conditions, largely due to the Nigerian government’s inadequate response to their welfare needs and loss of traditional sources of livelihood. Key Contribution to Knowledge: The study contributes to the literature by linking international judicial outcomes to national interest formulation and human security, highlighting how deficiencies in strategic state behavior can exacerbate post-judgment humanitarian crises. Recommendation: The study recommends that Nigeria explore the possibility of seeking a judicial review of the judgment, clearly articulate and pursue a coherent national interest, and assume greater responsibility for protecting the lives, rights, and welfare of its citizens wherever they reside.