Environmental Sustainability and Economic Transformation: Evidence from India's Green Economy Initiatives

India, one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, is at a critical juncture where sustainable development and environmental stewardship have become central to its growth trajectory. The transition towards a green economy represents both an urgent necessity and a promising opportunity for the country. This paper explores India’s transformation towards a low-carbon, resource-efficient, and socially inclusive growth model, highlighting the key challenges and opportunities involved. Challenges include the heavy reliance on fossil fuels, the complexity of balancing rapid urbanization with ecological conservation, technological gaps, and the financial burden of green investments. At the same time, opportunities arise from India’s abundant renewable energy potential, government initiatives such as the National Green Hydrogen Mission and solar energy expansion, private sector participation, and global collaborations supporting green finance and innovation. The study emphasises that while policy frameworks and technological interventions are essential, success ultimately depends on inclusive governance, behavioral change, and strong institutional mechanisms. The findings suggest that India’s green transition, if strategically implemented, can not only reduce carbon emissions but also generate employment, improve energy security, and ensure long-term economic resilience.