Safety of sugar alcohols on human health: a review

Abstract Sugar alcohols are increasingly used as sugar alternatives in various culinary and medicinal products due to their reduced caloric value, minimal impact on blood glucose levels, and ability to maintain taste quality. This review evaluates the metabolic pathways, physiological impacts, safety, and regulatory aspects of prevalent sugar alcohols, including erythritol, xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, isomalt, and lactitol. Significant heterogeneity exists among these substances in terms of gastrointestinal (GI) absorption, fermentation, and caloric value, which affects their efficacy and side effect profiles. Research indicates that substituting sucrose with sugar alcohols may aid in weight management and glycaemic regulation, particularly in groups predisposed to metabolic disorders. Nevertheless, elevated consumption correlates with GI issues, and tolerance levels differ among groups, requiring individualised dietary recommendations. Regulatory bodies have established acceptable daily intakes to ensure safety. Subsequent studies should focus on the longitudinal effects, influences on the gut microbiota, and customised advice for vulnerable subpopulations.