Perspectives on Cleaner-Pulverized Coal Combustion: The Evolving Role of Combustion Modifiers and Biomass Co-Firing

The article presents an extensive review of modern technological solutions for pulverized coal combustion, with emphasis on combustion modifiers and biomass co-firing. It highlights the role of coal in the national energy system and the need for its sustainable use in the context of energy transition. The pulverized coal combustion process is described, along with factors influencing its efficiency, and a classification of modifiers that improve combustion parameters. Both natural and synthetic modifiers are analyzed, including their mechanisms of action, application examples, and catalytic effects. Special attention is given to the synergy between transition metal compounds (Fe, Cu, Mn, Ce) and alkaline earth oxides (Ca, Mg), which enhances energy efficiency, flame stability, and reduces emissions of CO, SO2, and NOx. The article also examines biomass-coal co-firing as a technology supporting energy sector decarbonization. Co-firing reduces greenhouse gas emissions and increases the reactivity of fuel blends. The influence of biomass type, its share in the mixture, and processing methods on combustion parameters is discussed. Finally, the paper identifies directions for further technological development, including nanocomposite combustion modifiers and intelligent catalysts integrating sorption and redox functions. These innovations offer promising potential for improving energy efficiency and reducing the environmental impact of coal-fired power generation.