Weak type (1,1) bounds for Riesz transforms for elliptic operators in non-divergence form

Let <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper L equals minus sigma-summation Underscript i comma j equals 1 Overscript n Endscripts a Subscript i j Baseline upper D Subscript i Baseline upper D Subscript j"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo> − </mml:mo> <mml:munderover> <mml:mo> ∑ </mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>j</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:munderover> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> <mml:mi>j</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>D</mml:mi> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>D</mml:mi> <mml:mi>j</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">L=-\sum _{i,j=1}^n a_{ij}D_iD_j</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> be the elliptic operator in non-divergence form with smooth real coefficients satisfying uniformly elliptic condition. Let <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper W"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>W</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">W</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> be the global non-negative adjoint solution. If <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper W element-of upper A 2"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>W</mml:mi> <mml:mo> ∈ </mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">W\in A_2</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , we prove that the Riesz transforms <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="nabla upper L Superscript negative one half"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> ∇ </mml:mi> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo> − </mml:mo> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mfrac> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\nabla L^{-\frac {1}{2}}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> is of weak type <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-parenthesis 1 comma 1 right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(1,1)</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> with respect to the measure <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper W left-parenthesis x right-parenthesis d x"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>W</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">W(x)dx</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> . This, together with <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper L Subscript upper W Superscript 2"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mi>W</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msubsup> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">L^2_W</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> boundedness of Riesz transforms (see Luis Escauriaza, Pablo Hidalgo-Palencia, and Steve Hofmann [Vietnam J. Math. 52 (2024), pp. 1067–1096]), implies that the Riesz transforms are bounded in <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper L Subscript upper W Superscript p"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mi>W</mml:mi> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> </mml:msubsup> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">L^p_W</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> for <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="1 greater-than p greater-than 2"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">1&gt;p&gt;2</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> .

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Publication Details

Journal
Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society
Published
2026-01-26
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1090/proc/17397
Primary Topic
Advanced Harmonic Analysis Research
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article
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article

Weak type (1,1) bounds for Riesz transforms for elliptic operators in non-divergence form

H. Y. Zhang, Liang Song
Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society
Advanced Harmonic Analysis Research
article

Weak type (1,1) bounds for Riesz transforms for elliptic operators in non-divergence form

H. Y. Zhang, Liang Song
article en

Abstract

Let <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper L equals minus sigma-summation Underscript i comma j equals 1 Overscript n Endscripts a Subscript i j Baseline upper D Subscript i Baseline upper D Subscript j"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo> − </mml:mo> <mml:munderover> <mml:mo> ∑ </mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>j</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:munderover> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> <mml:mi>j</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>D</mml:mi> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>D</mml:mi> <mml:mi>j</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">L=-\sum _{i,j=1}^n a_{ij}D_iD_j</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> be the elliptic operator in non-divergence form with smooth real coefficients satisfying uniformly elliptic condition. Let <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper W"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>W</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">W</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> be the global non-negative adjoint solution. If <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper W element-of upper A 2"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>W</mml:mi> <mml:mo> ∈ </mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">W\in A_2</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , we prove that the Riesz transforms <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="nabla upper L Superscript negative one half"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> ∇ </mml:mi> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo> − </mml:mo> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mfrac> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\nabla L^{-\frac {1}{2}}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> is of weak type <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-parenthesis 1 comma 1 right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(1,1)</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> with respect to the measure <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper W left-parenthesis x right-parenthesis d x"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>W</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">W(x)dx</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> . This, together with <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper L Subscript upper W Superscript 2"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mi>W</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msubsup> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">L^2_W</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> boundedness of Riesz transforms (see Luis Escauriaza, Pablo Hidalgo-Palencia, and Steve Hofmann [Vietnam J. Math. 52 (2024), pp. 1067–1096]), implies that the Riesz transforms are bounded in <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper L Subscript upper W Superscript p"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mi>W</mml:mi> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> </mml:msubsup> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">L^p_W</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> for <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="1 greater-than p greater-than 2"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">1&gt;p&gt;2</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> .

Proceedings of the American Mathematical SocietyVol. 154(4)
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Advanced Harmonic Analysis Research
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