NOHA as a key biomarker to link NOS2 activity to immune checkpoint and cytokine signaling in ER-negative breast cancer

These findings identify NOHA as a potential non-invasive biomarker that reflects dynamic immuno-inflammatory changes in ER- breast cancer. The inverse relationship between NOHA and both PD-L1 and IL-8 suggests an inflammatory loop driven by NOS2 activity. The pronounced effects in AA-derived ER- spheroids align with known disparities in tumor aggressiveness and suggest future NOHA clinical utility potential in racially diverse populations. Further in vivo validation is warranted to support and confirm such clinical translation.