Integrated single-cell and spatial transcriptomics combined with whole-exome sequencing reveal key hub genes and epithelial heterogeneity in bladder cancer

By integrating multi-omics and spatial datasets, this study reveals the epithelial heterogeneity of BLCA and identifies ABRACL and ARPC3 as key TMB-associated hub genes within EpiCs. The established risk-score model and validated functional markers provide valuable insights for future mechanistic studies and potential clinical translation in BLCA.