Gravity Without a Fundamental Coupling Constant in Time-Scalar Field Theory

The gravitational constant G has long been treated as a fundamental parameter of nature, yet its origin, magnitude, and relationship to quantum phenomena remain unexplained within both Newtonian gravity and General Relativity. In this work, we demonstrate that within Time-Scalar Field Theory (TSFT), gravitational interaction does not require a fundamental coupling constant. Instead, gravity emerges naturally from spatial gradients in a dynamic scalar-time field Θ(x, t), where mass is reinterpreted as resistance to temporal flow and acceleration arises from temporal field curvature rather than force mediation.We derive gravitational acceleration directly from scalar-time gradients and show that Newtonian inverse-square behavior appears as a weak-gradient approximation of the underlying temporal geometry. Under this formulation, the gravitational constant arises only as an effective scaling parameter associated with specific harmonic normalization and observational unit conventions, not as a fundamental constant of nature. This approach unifies inertial mass, gravitational mass, and cosmological dynamics within a single temporal field framework and provides a natural explanation for gravitational anomalies without invoking dark matter or dark energy. The results presented here establish gravity as an emergent geometric phenomenon of scalar-time dynamics, eliminate the need for a fundamental gravitational coupling constant, and strengthen the unification of quantum mechanics, gravitation, and cosmology under a single field ontology.