Lidar observations of turbulence for tall offshore wind turbines

Spectral turbulence models commonly used in the design and certification of wind turbines have only been validated at heights up to 70 m in the atmosphere, but many offshore wind turbines now operate at heights above 150 m. Moreover, there is a lack of measurement data on the spatial structure of turbulence at such heights in the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MBL). Consequently, it is uncertain whether these turbulence models are valid for the design of tall offshore wind turbines. To fill this gap, we present measurements of one-point auto-spectra and two-point spectral coherence at heights of 150–250 m and lateral separations up to 241 m providing lateral coherence of turbulence in the MBL that has never been measured before for these heights and separations. Five light detection and ranging (lidar) instruments were deployed on the west coast of Denmark, and we reconstructed the along-wind and cross-wind components at the lidar beam intersection points. The measurements were compared with the theoretical predictions of auto-spectra and lateral coherence from the Mann model and its extension, the Syed–Mann model. The latter models turbulence down to frequencies of 1 h $^{-1}$ through the $-5/3$ scaling observed in the mesoscale range. The results show that the Mann model did not compare well with the measurements under stable and near-neutral conditions. On the other hand, the Syed–Mann model predicted the lateral coherence for a range of different conditions. However, the lateral coherence was under predicted in about $8\,\%$ of the data, possibly due to gravity waves. We believe that the high coherence from mesoscale turbulence at these heights can influence the loads on floating wind turbines and large offshore wind farms.