TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY AND EPILEPSY: MECHANISMS, RISKS, AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a major cause of long-term neurological disability globally, resulting from mechanical forces such as road traffic accidents, falls, sports injuries, and violence (World Health Organization [WHO], 2022, 2024). One of its most significant chronic complications is post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE), defined as recurrent, unprovoked seizures occurring after brain trauma. PTE contributes substantially to morbidity, mortality, cognitive impairment, and societal burden (Wilson & Lowenstein, 2020; Sharma et al., 2024). This essay synthesizes epidemiological evidence, risk factors, mechanisms of epileptogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, management strategies, and emerging research directions on TBI-related epilepsy.