Transition to Market-Oriented Cowpea Production: Determinants and Constraints for Small-Scale Farmers in Abaji Area Council of the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria

Objective: Amid increasing consumer demand and expanding market opportunities for cowpea in Nigeria, small-scale farmers are gradually shifting from subsistence-oriented production to market-oriented farming. This study examined the extent of market participation among small-scale cowpea farmers and identified the socio-economic and institutional factors influencing their commercialisation, as well as the specific constraints limiting effective market engagement. Method: The study employed multistage sampling to select 150 farmers. Data analysis was conducted using the Household Commercialisation Index (HCI) to measure the degree of market integration and a two-limit Tobit regression model to determine the variables affecting the farmers' commercialisation levels. Result: The results revealed that 55.33% of respondents attained a high level of commercialisation, with HCI values ranging from 80 to 100. Tobit estimates showed that cooperative membership and farm income (p < 0.01) positively influenced market participation, while extension contact and livestock ownership (p < 0.05) had significant adverse effects. Furthermore, the study identified major constraints, including inadequate access to credit, high input and transportation costs, pest infestations, and climate-related challenges. Conclusion: The study concludes that market participation among small-scale cowpea farmers in Abaji remains moderate, constrained by financial, infrastructure, and institutional barriers. It recommends that policies and programs focus on improving access to credit, strengthening market-oriented extension services, and promoting cooperative marketing and value addition to enhance smallholder commercialisation and income generation.