Pedagogical education in Russia: historical and genetic analysis

The relevance of this research is due to the need to understand the historical experience and patterns of development of Russian education in order to determine its current trajectory in the context of global challenges, as well as digitalization. The article highlights a number of issues related to the formation and development of Russian teacher education. It also analyzes what preceded its emergence and at what stages of Russian history it occurred. The author examines the evolution of education in Russia, starting from the beginning of writing and ending with modernity. It can be traced how the adoption of Christianity in Russia marked the beginning of education: with the first schools attached to churches, where they taught literacy and church singing. Today, educating teachers is a priority task of the state. The transformation of teacher education is conditioned by the need to meet modern requirements and continuous professional growth of teachers. Based on this, special attention is paid to the key stages of the formation of the national pedagogical school, including reforms and ideological influences. The author identifies the patterns of formation of a teacher's professional identity in historical retrospect. The issues of the continuity of traditions, as well as their refraction in modern educational practices, are discussed. The novelty lies in the application of the historical and genetic approach, which allows not only to describe the stages, but to trace the underlying causes, factors and relationships that have shaped the unique image of the Russian teacher training system. Such an analysis contributes to the development of scientifically sound strategies for reforming and modernizing teacher education that meet the needs of modern society. The results of the study allow us to better understand the genesis of Russian pedagogical science and determine the vectors of its further development. In this regard, the author presents his vision (in the form of recommendations) for solving existing problems in modern Russian education.