Evaluating agroecological practices in olive groves: a weighted assessment of economic impact and technical feasibility

Aim of study: This study evaluates agroecological practices in olive groves, focusing on their environmental sustainability, economic impact, and technical feasibility. Area of study: Region of Andalusia (Southern Spain). Material and methods: The research prioritises 12 agroecological practices and assesses them against five sustainability criteria: biodiversity conservation, soil improvement, climate change mitigation, water pollution reduction, and provision of cultural ecosystem services. Additionally, the practices regarding profitability and technical feasibility of implementation in agricultural operations are evaluated. The analysis was conducted using the Delphi method, with a panel of 26 agroecology and agricultural economics experts, using a criteria prioritisation questionnaire with point distribution collected from various communication channels. Main results: Among the main findings, cover crops, crop residues, and minimal mechanical soil alteration are the most sustainable practices in biodiversity conservation, soil quality improvement, climate change mitigation, and ecosystem service provision. In the same analysis, the experts agreed that these practices are profitable and technically viable when implemented in crops. Research highlights: The study concludes by presenting weighted scores that integrate both the environmental benefits and the practical considerations of each practice, offering a framework for prioritising agroecological interventions. This research underscores the importance of balancing environmental sustainability with economic viability in the transition to more sustainable agricultural systems, especially in olive groves, where the diversity of environmental, social, and economic conditions demands tailored solutions.