Structural and Dynamic Insights into Agonist Recognition by and Function of the Thromboxane A2 Receptor: Implications for Disease-Causing Mutations

The thromboxane A2 receptor (TP), expressed in platelets and smooth muscle, plays an important role in blood clotting and muscle contraction. The endogenous ligand of this G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), thromboxane A2 (TXA2), is a short-lived arachidonic acid metabolite with a half-life of ∼30 seconds, which makes investigating the TP structure and activation mechanism highly challenging. Here, we determined the structures of the TP in complex with the synthetic agonists, U46619 and I-BOP, stable analogues of the natural ligand, in the presence of the signalling protein partner, Gq. The structures reveal a unique activation switch for the receptor that differs from typical class A GPCR family members. Complemented by functional studies, mutational analysis, docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, our investigation highlights the differences between agonist and antagonist binding and explores the ligand entry mechanism to the binding pocket from within the membrane via a molecular gate composed of two transmembrane helices. In addition, our study provides crucial information to aid in the rational design of compounds targeting the TP, and offers mechanistic insights into inherited disorders associated with mutations in the TP. You will find the input files for MD simulations and an example of an MD trajectory for ligand binding. The paper will be published in Nature Communications.