Evaluation the Levels of Pentosidine and Vitamin D3 in Diabetic Nephropathy

Abstract Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most dangerous diabetic chronic microvascular complications and the major cause of end-stage renal disease. Objectives: The current study aimed not only to determine the levels of vitamin D3 and pentosidine as biomarkers in the serum of DN patients group and compared with diabetes mellitus individuals as controls, but also to investigate the variations in the levels of vitamin D3 and pentosidine by DN disease progression. Materials and Methods: This study comprised 120 type 1 diabetes mellitus patients who were separated into three groups based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and creatinine levels: early-stage DN patients (eGFR = 40–90), end-stage DN patients (eGFR < 40), and diabetic patients with normal renal function as a control group (eGFR > 90); 40 individuals for each. The concentration of pentosidine was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit from the Al-Shkairate establishment for Medical Supply in Jordan. The vitamin D3 concentration was determined by a competitive chemiluminescence immunoassay using the biomedical engineering kit for the Maglumi 800 from Shenzhen New Industries. The fasting blood glucose (FBG), urea, and creatinine levels were assessed using an enzymatic method. Results: The level of pentosidine was found to be significantly higher in DN patients (early and end stages) than in the control (diabetic patients with normal renal function) group. Also the results revealed a negative correlation between pentosidine and eGFR in DN patients for both early- and end-stages. Vitamin D3 was declined in DN patients group. Conclusion: It is it possible to conclude that pentosidine is correlated with the progression of the disease and it might be used as one of the most reliable biomarkers for predicting renal function.