Innate lymphoid cells as emerging players in cancer immunotherapy

With advances in immunology, immune-based approaches to cancer treatment have gradually matured. However, owing to the current limitations of these therapies, there is a need to improve the understanding of the complex immune microenvironment of tumors. Tumor cell progression triggers inflammatory responses coordinated by innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) to regulate tumor cell growth. As tumors evolve and the antitumor immune response proceeds simultaneously, the inherent plasticity and heterogeneity of innate immune cells, which are distinct from adaptive immune cells, can lead to the polarization of innate immune cells in the inflammatory response, ultimately promoting a pro-tumor reaction. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of ILCs and their antitumor and pro-tumor effects, particularly in ongoing and potential therapeutic approaches. Their interactions with adaptive immunity and potential therapeutic approaches are also discussed.