Seismic performance of X-shaped braced composite wall panels under the background of digital image correlation and IoT-based monitoring

Abstract In the context of Industry 4.0 and the rapid development of intelligent construction technologies, advanced digital monitoring methods such as Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and IoT-based sensing are increasingly used to support refined structural performance evaluation. Against this technological background, this study investigates the seismic performance of an X-shaped braced composite wall panel designed within an integrated prefabricated construction framework and with an emphasis on green building materials. Quasi-static tests were conducted to examine the deformation characteristics, failure mechanisms, and load-transfer behavior resulting from the coordinated action of the prefabricated inner and outer frames with the X-shaped steel brace. DIC and IoT sensors were used as auxiliary tools to enhance the observation of global and local deformation, although the primary focus of the research remained on the mechanical behavior of the proposed wall panel. The comparison between DIC measurements, IoT sensor data, and experimentally observed failure patterns confirmed the rationality of the internal force flow and the progressive damage process. The results indicate that the composite wall panel exhibits improved Displacement capacity, deformation capability, and seismic energy dissipation, demonstrating its potential for application in resilient and sustainable prefabricated building systems.