Trends in Diarrheal Deaths Among Under-Five Children in Karnataka in the Context of Drinking Water and Sanitation Improvements

Diarrhoeal diseases continue to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five years of age in developing countries, despite being largely preventable. In India, childhood diarrhoeal mortality reflects wide regional and inter-state disparities linked to socio-economic conditions, access to healthcare, and availability of safe water and sanitation. The present study analyses trends in deaths due to diarrhoea among children aged 0–5 years in India from 2009 to 2019, with a special focus on the state of Karnataka. The study is based on secondary data collected from official sources, including the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, the Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Karnataka, India stat database, and the Indian Economic Survey. A descriptive analytical approach was adopted, using simple tables and charts to examine temporal changes, state-wise variations, and regional differences between the northern and southern zones of India. The findings reveal a substantial overall decline in diarrhoea-related child deaths at the national level, indicating the positive impact of public health interventions, improved sanitation, and enhanced child healthcare services. However, periodic spikes and persistent regional disparities, particularly in northern states, highlight ongoing vulnerabilities and uneven implementation of health and sanitation programmes. The study concludes that while India has made notable progress in reducing childhood diarrhoeal mortality, sustained, region-specific strategies focusing on sanitation, safe drinking water, maternal education, and strengthened health systems are essential to achieve equitable child health outcomes across the country.