Review of photovoltaic system efficiency under commercial load through vehicle-to-grid integration to CO₂ reduction in the EU energy transition

Abstract The European Union’s Green Deal and decarbonisation objectives are increasing the pressure to enhance the efficiency and integration of renewable energy systems. More and more in the commercial sectors, photovoltaic (PV) systems are being adopted. But it is not as easy to adopt it as this. The reason for this is load variation and solar intermittency. At the same time, electric vehicles (EVs) can enable vehicle-to-grid (V2G) integration, which allows for bidirectional power flows that enhance grid stability and energy flexibility. This review assesses whether using PV systems in V2G technologies in commercial applications can improve energy efficiency and curb CO₂ emissions. This paper discusses the enablers and barriers for the deployment of PV + V2G systems along technical, environmental, and policy dimensions through reviewing recent research. In conclusion, it provides insights into future research avenues that could potentially boost this promising trajectory of the EU energy transition.