Plasmon-enhanced black phosphorus–ZrO ₂ –TeO ₂ multilayer SPR biosensor for ultra-sensitive early detection of brain tumors

In this study, we present a new ultra-high-performance surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor with a multilayer design incorporating black phosphorus (BP), zirconium dioxide (ZrO 2 ), and tellurium dioxide (TeO 2 ) nanomaterials to achieve an optimal solution for detecting brain tumors in their early stages in a precise localization manner. Owing to the unique optical properties of BP, ZrO 2 , and TeO 2 , the proposed biosensor has good sensitivity and selectivity with an impressive sensing range of a large refractive index (RI), continuous range, and constant response of both normal and cancerous brain tissues. The performance indices that the proposed biosensor has attained are a high sensitivity of 414.537[Formula: see text]/RIU, a quality factor (QF) of 177.568 RIU[Formula: see text], and a figure of merit (FoM) of 106.148 RIU[Formula: see text]. This correct resonance behavior and high sensitivity to change in RI validate that the biosensor has high diagnostic potential and accuracy in detecting early-stage brain tumors meticulously and accurately in real time. These values show that the optical performance and the diagnostic accuracy are greatly enhanced compared to traditional SPR biosensors.