Bridging Scales in Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells: Mechanisms, Interfaces, and Applications

Flexible perovskite solar cells (f-PSCs) combine an outstanding efficiency-to-cost ratio with excellent mechanical properties, offering unique advantages and promising potential in revolutionary applications. Despite systematic advances in device architectures, perovskite regulation, and interfacial-layer design, the intrinsic correlations among material properties, mechanical behavior, and failure mechanisms remain inadequately investigated. Here, we highlight an energy-based understanding of recent progress and future prospects of f-PSCs across microscale perovskite bulk, mesoscale interfacial coupling, and macroscale device/system-level management. Specifically, the energy dissipation mechanisms in f-PSCs critically bridge microscopic physicochemical properties and macroscopic material mechanics, which are essential for determining their mechanical durability and operational longevity. Furthermore, this perspective highlights the transformative potential of f-PSCs in real-world applications while addressing future advancements in material innovation, interface engineering, and scalable manufacturing techniques to enhance device performance and commercial viability. As research progresses, f-PSCs are poised to revolutionize the next-generation emerging photovoltaics, toward a future of higher power conversion efficiency, superior flexibility, and sustainable scalability.