Intravitreal Clindamycin for Multifocal Toxoplasma Retinochoroiditis in Immunocompromised Patients: A Case Series with Aqueous Humor PCR Confirmation
Aqueous humor PCR is essential for diagnosing atypical ocular toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients. IVC appears well tolerated and may serve as adjunctive therapy or monotherapy when systemic treatment is not tolerated. Despite a small sample size, findings highlight the importance of early diagnosis to prevent irreversible retinal damage. FAF may aid in detecting subclinical activity throughout the disease course.
Authors
- Bruno Gonsalves Ferreira
- Lucas Almeida Linhares (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6307-3851)
- Joyce Hisae Yamamoto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6869-2988)
- Eduardo Ferracioli-Oda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3993-3794)
- João Arthur Bezerra Fernandes
- Juliana Mika Kato (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1815-4644)
Institutions
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Hospital Geral de Fortaleza (BR)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
- Published
- 2026-01-02
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2025.2594658
- Primary Topic
- Toxoplasma gondii Research Studies
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00