Algal-derived oligopeptides: overcoming extraction, and purification barriers for sustainable nutraceuticals innovation

Algae-derived oligopeptides have emerged as high-value biomolecules for health and industrial applications due to their superior solubility, stability, and bioavailability compared with intact proteins. However, large-scale utilization remains constrained by low extraction yields from conventional processes, complex purification requirements, and the absence of standardized handling protocols for low-molecular-weight peptides. This review critically examines recent technological advances aimed at overcoming these limitations, with emphasis on innovative extraction approaches such as subcritical water processing and ionic liquid-based techniques. In contrast to bulk proteins that require extensive hydrolysis, oligopeptides are inherently small, readily soluble, and easily absorbed, making them well-suited for functional food, pharmaceutical, and cosmeceutical applications. Nevertheless, the structural complexity of algal proteins continues to restrict extraction efficiency and increase processing costs. Recent integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning-assisted proteomics with nanomaterial-based separation platforms has significantly improved peptide characterization, purification efficiency, and bioactivity validation. By addressing key research gaps, particularly the transition from <i>in vitro</i> findings to clinical relevance, this review outlines a framework for advancing algal oligopeptides as scalable next-generation bioactives. These compounds exhibit diverse therapeutic activities, including antioxidants, antihypertensives, antidiabetics, and dermatological effects, while supporting sustainable bioprocessing and responsible marine resource utilization.